I read "Brave Girl Eating" by Harriet brown and it was very inspiring. Her daughter, Kitty, developed anorexia and they didn't know what to do. Her parents found information about the Maudsley method for treating anorexia and decided to give it a try.
So what is the Maudsley method? It's a treatment for eating disorders in children and adolescents, where the family takes over all food and feeds their child until they gain weight and get better. Kitty's parents fed her every meal and snack for months. It was an everyday, uphill battle. Crying, yelling, arguments, hospital stays... But after many months their daughter got into recovery. The story is moving and inspirational. Apparently kitty relapsed after the book was written, but for her Maudsley worked, at least for a while.
My experience with Maudsley family therapy was not a positive one... in fact it tore our already fragile family further apart. My anorexia started when I was 11, and went on off and on for about three years. The doctors were concerned about weight loss, but not enough to get too worried. When I was 14, I stopped eating entirely. Lost about 25 lbs. I went to my mom one night, after eating nothing all day, sobbing that something was wrong. That I just couldn't eat. I didn't know what was wrong with me. I just told her I couldn't eat. She yelled at me, said to pull it together. So I shut up and pulled it together, sinking deeper and deeper into anorexia.
About six months later, my parents did see something was wrong, and took me to a therapist, who told me I had all the classic signs of anorexia. I was terrified. We told my mother who was angry. The next day I went to the doctor - the weight loss was a real concern - and my parents were encouraged to get me into eating disorder treatment. I went into UCSD's intensive outpatient program terrified, but told that my weight "wasn't that bad." I began the program, which included two meals and a snack a week, but I continued to lose weight and was not at all ready to get better. The treatment team decided that Maudsley family therapy would be suitable for my family. They didn't look at the family dynamics - my dad's OCD and my mother's anger - but we began. The first family therapy session my parents brought in bean burritos from Rubios. My sister was there, along with my parents, and I sobbed through the entire hour trying to get down the burrito.
The first morning at home doing Maudsley I woke up to an enormous purple ensure smoothie, toast with butter, eggs, veggie sausage, and fruit. I'd eating nothing for months. I was terrified and cried. Every meal I cried. My mother switched the lowfat foods with full fat and hid them in the back of the fridge. Protein powder was stirred into yogurt, into milk, into pudding... I was fed 6 times a day, and every meal was a battle. I cried and yelled. said I was full, that I couldn't eat one more bite.
Our first family therapy to see my progress, my weight had actually gone down. We spent the entire hour of the session with me curled up in a ball in the corned and my parents discussing how they would feed me more.
This feeding went on for months. I went to IOP three times a week, and sobbed all day every day. My sister started to feel the anxiety and uncomfortableness in the house... she was only 7, and started having panic attacks at the table. I refused foods, yelled, screamed, caused huge scenes. And my parents too away all privileges. No seeing friends, no keeping my bedroom door closed, no going for walks... The control I was desperately trying to gain was taken away. The toxicity in our family only grew.
Things got progressively worse. Me running from the table and my father pinning me against the wall. My sister vomiting at the dinner table, followed by me vomiting at the dinner table. I started purging for the first time during Maudsley.
And I was considered a success. I gained a good 20 lbs doing Maudsely family therapy, and according to UCSD that was great! I was plump and on my way to being healthy. Boy were they wrong. After months of tears, I decided to take my first overdose.... it was an insignificant overdose, a handful of tylenol, but I went into therapy one evening and told the therapist I was going to kill myself. I was taken to an adolescent psychiatric ward. I did not want to be alive any longer. I was 14.
If a family is loving and solid, feeding their sick child could be a very nurturing and empowering experience, and I think it does work in some cases. But it needs to be carefully thought out, and the family needs to be working as a unit before trying anything like Maudsley. It can be a success, and it can also be an utter and complete failure. My experience resulted in some of the worst months of my, and my family's, life.
Even to this day, I can't really drink smoothies, especially with protein powder, as they bring me back to those awful months. When people in my life act as the "food police" I am automatically triggered and have a response of wanting to gain back control. I am very particular about my food and if I could prepare everything myself I'd be much happier. I am on the right track now, because I am CHOOSING to get healthy, not being force fed. I am making the choice to take each bite. I am choosing to live.
Things with my parents are better now, MUCH better. But I think talking about those dark Maudsley months will be part of our healing process.
Here's some info on Maudsley:
Family-based Treatment of Adolescent Anorexia Nervosa:
Daniel Le Grange, PhD and James Lock, MD, PhD
Even though anorexia nervosa (AN) was first recognized more than 125 years ago, this disorder still bewilders patients and their families and perplexes clinicians and researchers. Our understanding of the medical features of AN has advanced, increasing our success at weight restoration in specialist inpatient settings. Inpatient and day hospital treatments are generally effective in weight restoration, however, they are disruptive to the adolescent’s family, social and educational life, and relapse is common. Moreover, weight restoration alone is not sufficient for recovery. The Maudsley family-based outpatient treatment for AN is a promising alternative model to costly inpatient or day hospital programs. This model, which strives to bring about weight restoration and restore the adolescent’s developmental trajectory, is explored in this article.
Research into treatment of anorexia in adolescents
Few controlled clinical trials have been conducted to explore efficacious outpatient treatments for adolescents with anorexia (1). While research has not been extensive, recent published reports of the treatment for adolescent AN have been more encouraging.
This handful of treatment trials (2) all investigated a particular type of family-based treatment which is designed to:
Prevent hospitalization of the adolescent by assisting the parents in their efforts to help their adolescent in his/her recovery from AN, and; to return him/her to normal adolescent development unencumbered by the eating disorder. This treatment was conceived by a team of child and adolescent psychiatrists and psychologists at the Maudsley Hospital in London and has come to be known as the Maudsley Approach or Family-based Treatment (FBT) for AN.
These studies have all demonstrated the efficacy of this treatment – that is, approximately two thirds of adolescent AN patients are recovered at the end of FBT while 75 - 90% are fully weight recovered at five-year follow-up(3). Similar improvements in terms of psychological factors were also noted for these patients. Clinical and research endeavors by The University of Chicago and Stanford University have shown promising results in their FBT studies, which are comparable to the positive outcomes that were initially established in the Maudsley studies. These researchers have shown that most young patients with AN require on average no more than 20 treatment sessions over the course of 6-12 months, and that about 80% of patients are weight restored with a start or resumption of menses at the conclusion of treatment(4).
The Maudsley Approach
The Maudsley approach can mostly be construed as an intensive outpatient treatment where parents play an active and positive role in order to: Help restore their child’s weight to normal levels expected given their adolescent’s age and height; hand the control over eating back to the adolescent, and; encourage normal adolescent development through an in-depth discussion of these crucial developmental issues as they pertain to their child.
More ‘traditional’ treatment of AN suggests that the clinician’s efforts should be individually based. Strict adherents to the perspective ofonly individual treatment will insist that the participation of parents, whatever the format, is at best unnecessary, but worse still interference in the recovery process. In fact, many proponents of this approach would consider ‘family problems’ as part of the etiology of the AN. No doubt, this view might contribute to parents feeling themselves to blame for their child’s illness. The Maudsley Approach opposes the notion that families are pathological or should be blamed for the development of AN. On the contrary, the Maudsley Approach considers the parents as a resource and essential in successful treatment for AN.
Phase I: Weight restoration
The Maudsley Approach proceeds through three clearly defined phases, and is usually conducted within 15-20 treatment sessions over a period of about 12 months. In Phase I, also referred to as theweight restoration phase, the therapist focuses on the dangers of severe malnutrition associated with AN, such as hypothermia, growth hormone changes, cardiac dysfunction, and cognitive and emotional changes to name but a few, assessing the family’s typical interaction pattern and eating habits, and assisting parents in re-feeding their daughter or son. The therapist will make every effort to help the parents in their joint attempt to restore their adolescent’s weight. At the same time, the therapist will endeavor to align the patient with her/his siblings. A family meal is typically conducted during this phase, which serves at least two functions:
It allows the therapist to observe the family’s typical interaction patterns around eating, and it provides the therapist with an opportunity to assist the parents in their endeavor to encourage their adolescent to eat a little more than she was prepared to.
The way in which the parents go about this difficult but delicate task does not differ much in terms of the key principles and steps that a competent inpatient nursing team would follow. That is, an expression of sympathy and understanding by the parents with their adolescent’s predicament of being ambivalent about this debilitating eating disorder, while at the same time being verbally persistent in their expectation that starvation is not an option. Most of this first phase of treatment is taken up by coaching the parents toward success in the weight restoration of their offspring, expressing support and empathy toward the adolescent given her dire predicament of entanglement with the illness, and realigning her with her siblings and peers. Realignment with one’s siblings or peers means helping the adolescent to form stronger and more age appropriate relationships as opposed to being ‘taken up’ into a parental relationship.
Throughout, the role of the therapist is to model to the parents an uncritical stance toward the adolescent – the Maudsley Approach adheres to the tenet that the adolescent is not to blame for the challenging eating disorder behaviors, but rather that these symptoms are mostly outside of the adolescent’s control (externalizing the illness). At no point should this phase of treatment be interpreted as a ‘green light’ for parents to be critical of their child. Quite the contrary, the therapist will work hard to address any parental criticism or hostility toward the adolescent.
Phase II: Returning control over eating to the adolescent
The patient’s acceptance of parental demand for increased food intake, steady weight gain, as well as a change in the mood of the family (i.e., relief at having taken charge of the eating disorder), all signal the start of Phase II of treatment.
This phase of treatment focuses on encouraging the parents to help their child to take more control over eating once again. The therapist advises the parents to accept that the main task here is the return of their child to physical health, and that this now happens mostly in a way that is in keeping with their child’s age and their parenting style. Although symptoms remain central in the discussions between the therapist and the family, weight gain with minimum tension is encouraged. In addition, all other general family relationship issues or difficulties in terms of day-to-day adolescent or parenting concerns that the family has had to postpone can now be brought forward for review. This, however, occurs only in relationship to the effect these issues have on the parents in their task of assuring steady weight gain. For example, the patient may want to go out with her friends to have dinner and a movie. However, while the parents are still unsure whether their child would eat entirely on her own accord, she might be required to have dinner with her parents and then be allowed to join friends for a movie.
Phase III: Establishing healthy adolescent identity
Phase III is initiated when the adolescent is able to maintain weight above 95% of ideal weight on her/his own and self-starvation has abated.
Treatment focus starts to shift to the impact AN has had on the individual establishing a healthy adolescent identity. This entails a review of central issues of adolescence and includes supporting increased personal autonomy for the adolescent, the development of appropriate parental boundaries, as well as the need for the parents to reorganize their life together after their children’s prospective departure.
Sites that practice the Maudsley Approach
In addition to the Maudsley Hospital and other centers in London, this family-based approach to treatment is implemented by programs in the United States, including Columbia University and Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, Duke University, Durham, NC, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, the University of California at San Diego, CA and the Eating and Weight Disorders Center of Seattle (part of the Evidence Based Treatment Centers of Seattle), Seattle, WA. Dissemination of the Maudsley Approach has also been successful in Canada, e.g., Eastern Ontario Children’s Hospital in Ottawa, North York General Hospital and the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, and McMaster University in Hamilton, ON. The adolescent eating disorders program at the Westmead Children’s Hospital in Sydney, and the eating disorders program at the Royal Children’s Hospital in Melbourne, Australia, have well established FBT programs.
The promise of the Maudsley Approach
In summary, the Maudsley Approach holds great promise for most adolescents who have been ill for a relatively short period of time (i.e., less than 3 years). This family-based treatment can prevent hospitalization and assist the adolescent in her/his recovery, provided that parents are seen as a resource and that they are allowed to play an active role in treatment. A detailed clinician’s manual that spells out how parents should be involved in this treatment approach has recently been developed (5). These authors have also published a parent handbook that clearly spells out the positive role that parents can play in their child’s recovery (6). Drs. Le Grange and Lock have founded the Training Institute for Child and Adolescent Eating Disorders as a vehicle to conduct regular workshops for clinicians who wish to become certified FBT therapist
Overcoming anorexia